How Training and Development can benefit an Organization

Introduction This proposal is basically going to demonstrate the need for training and development in an organization. Training and development is a very important aspect of an organization because it helps in solving the problem of high employee turnover. This proposal will look into details ways that will be used by the organization to solve the problem of employee turnover.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on How Training and Development can benefit an Organization specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The proposed ways include: training and professional development, knowledge transfer, recognition and rewards, recruitment and orientation, employee participation and communication, innovative compensation systems, job design and work teams, and work life balance. Executive Summary The increasing turnover has caused a large amount of lost time and energy. The escalated need for training and developing presents a chall enge for employees to be comfortable in their job role. Employees are faced with the difficult task of finding quality students to help the company grow, and our organization seeks to decrease the stress of having to achieve their quota of students for the month. A Brief History According to Ongori (2007 p.87), employee turnover is commonly used in various business units. Employers use a lot of money on employees’ training and development. Therefore, they have to make sure that employees’ turnover rates are minimized. Employee turnover is referred to as the number of employees who leave a company after a given period of time due to high levels of dissatisfactions of various kinds in their workplace (Firth et al. 2007, p. 170) The major purpose of this proposal is to provide a solution to the problem of employee turnover facing the organization. This problem will be solved through the development and training of employees. Controlling the problem of employee turnover wi ll be associated with several benefits. For instance, it can improve the working morale of the employees. The manager assessed the rate of employee turnover and found out that development and training of the employees on work-related skills will help them solve the problem.Advertising Looking for proposal on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For any business organization to run smoothly there is a need for departmentalization. This means that the activities of the organization must be coordinated by organizing it into departments. All the departments of the organization must coordinate through communication. This research proposal mainly deals with the training of employees to help solve the problem of employee turnover. Through the manager who is the overall boss of the organization, employee stress can be reduced drastically and thus come up with a solution to the problem in the organization. For this case , the manager will also be trained in good managerial aspects. Kaplan University will offer an employer-sponsored training on-site to all the employees in the company in order to improve on their productivity at the workplace (Rehman et al. 2011, p. 89) The training will begin by training members of the production department. This department deals with the creation of goods and services. It is an important department of any company because the major reason for setting up a company is to deal in the production of a particular good or provide a service. Members of the department will be trained on how to make sure that the products being produced are produced on time, and the products are of the right quality. The training session will continue as stated in the memo. Potential Problem Kaplan University employs thousands of employees. Most of these employees have a difficulty in finding their groove within their careers. Failure to obtain adequate training can conflict with their job r ole. For instance, the stress level of employees has risen and derailing them from their goals. Consequently, these employees may be taking personal time off, using their family medical leave absence or use their sick time. In addition, it has even caused them to look for work elsewhere. Hence, lack of training in developing can cause a significant turnover ratio for the company.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on How Training and Development can benefit an Organization specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Potential Solution On-site training and developing course will increase employee loyalty and morale. Employees will look at our organization as a company that genuinely cares about its employees’ future with the company. This will help employees to develop an emotional connection with the organization and become more efficient, as well as productive. This will increase employee morale because they will not see the drastic turnover anymore and will feel more comfortable about their future within the company. Kaplan University will benefit from doing continued training and development in several ways. It will attract new skilled employees, reduce its turnover and absenteeism, and improve its student enrollments. Kaplan University has set out to attract the most talented individuals in the industry. Providing a workplace that has a competitive advantage over its rivals in the industry will bring in a quality employee. Furthermore, many employees would not have to miss work due to stress problems if they have the adequate training to be successful in their jobs. Productivity will increase because employees will spend more time at work being productive. An effective employer-sponsored training on-site is cost effective because the benefits outweigh its costs. Training and Development Training will be provided to employees of Kaplan University. Companies that usually invest their resources in training, and development end up being more competitive and productive. This is because all activities in the organization are related to learning. Training and development is a key factor to be considered because it makes employees to be retained at their workplace. Provision of this training will not only provide appropriate skills required by the company to meet its goals but also to develop skills that may help them in doing other businesses. Studies carried out by different researchers show that satisfaction of employees is created through the development of their skills. Researchers suggest that there is a correlation between retention and training, especially for the highly skilled employees. Training and development directly influence socialization of employees within the workplace.Advertising Looking for proposal on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This is because it will contribute to retention through the following ways: it motivates one to continue working in the same company; employees are committed to their work because they feel supported by management, employees are also provided with the skills to use in handling stress in relation to job changes and demands and the caring culture is created. The training that will be offered to employees will be supported in facing the ongoing challenges in relation to their work and also improving on their work commitment to help them see the future. Solution to the Problem Training and Professional Development Employees will always be motivated to stay where there is money and therefore, the training should be communicated and defined well for the development of the company. Training will be an appropriate retention tool if it will be designed to enable people to grow in the company. For instance, it may be associated with a skill-based pay and career development and planning. For e xample, the semi-skilled and unskilled employees can be promoted to higher ranks after offering and better remuneration after providing employer-sponsored training opportunities that improve his professional and personal development. Knowledge Transfer The problem of employee turnover can be solved through the transfer of expertise and knowledge of the company to be shared among the employees. Knowledge transfer in a company can also be done through the use of modern technology tools like intranets and databases. Apart from training and development, the company should find a way of retaining the skills in the company, and this can be done by focusing on individuals who perform best in their field or portray high rates of growth to their company. This can be done by giving such employees challenging responsibilities and better pay. Recognition and Rewards It includes nonfinancial and financial, formal and informal incentives that employers offer their employees in recognition of the good work done by the employees. They include things like clothing, prizes, social events, etc. If rewards are given to the employees, the rate of employee turnover and absenteeism from work will drastically reduce. Recruitment and Orientation When recruiting employees in Kaplan University, the following things should be done to ensure that there are high rates of employee retention. For instance, the personnel department should not only consider academic qualifications of an individual but also the general type of qualifications like character, motivation of the individual towards others and his interest. If the employees have similar interests, they will have a good interpersonal relationship and through this relationship, the retention level of employees will be high. A warm welcome to the newly employed employees makes them feel welcome and integrate well with others (Gaan 2011, p. 33). Employee Participation and Communication Ng and butts (2009, p.289) argue that effective comm unication between the managers and employees will be a good strategy to use in retaining the employees because the implementation of most of the activities in the company will depend on the level of communication. Several researchers indicate that good communication channels like personal discussions, formal newsletters and postings, employee surveys, and regularly scheduled committee meetings will be used to retain employees in the company. Innovative Compensation Systems This will have a positive impact on retention of employees because members will be encouraged to be committed to their work. This will be done through the use of innovative compensation systems like retirement benefits, benefits associated with medical facilities, vacation and holiday benefits and skill based pay. A skill-based pay simply refers to a pay system in which employees are paid depending on their level of skills. This will reduce employee turnover because they stand better chances for higher earnings. J ob Design and Work Teams Work teams and job designs improve on productivity of employees and the quality of the product through activities like job rotation and semi-autonomous and autonomous work teams. Work teams will reduce employee turnover because they will cooperate with each other to make sure that work processes are more effective. Work teams work towards the same organizational goal Work Life Balance Employees should be given enough time to have time with their families and meet other obligations. Employees who work in shifts find it difficult work and family life and so employees will come up with strategies that will help employees to balance work and life. For example, an employer will inform his employees about the changes in shifts, he will limit the split of shifts, and he will allow the employees to change shifts amongst themselves and the most important is that while planning shifts the employer will consult employees about their work life balance needs (Smith, Oczk owski Smith 2011, p.402). The table below explains how training and development will produce a better quality Organizational departments Training offered Outcomes Production Production skills Quality products produced Distribution Distribution skills Effectiveness in the distribution of products Sales and Marketing Sales and Marketing skills An increase in the rate of product sales Finance/Accounts Financial skills Good record keeping Purchasing Purchasing skills Purchases made in time Catering Catering skills Improvement in kitchen hygiene and the quality of food and their services in general Personnel Personnel skills Recruitment of quality and skilled employees without bias Conclusions and Recommendations Employee turnover is a major challenge facing most companies. In the cases I studied most companies use their own strategies to retain employees and also come up with programs that are appropriate and suits the needs of employees. Various approaches are used by various firms like training and career development, benefits, compensation levels and systems, the composition of the work force etc. However, there are no specific strategies that can be used to retain employees. Research indicates that firms, which experience low turnover of employees, pay good salaries. Training and development are the most used strategy of retaining employees because it improves individuals’ skills thus makes the employee to be committed to his work. In conclusion if these strategies are put into consideration then businesses will operate in the dynamic world. References Firth L. et al. (2007). How can managers reduce employee intention to quit? Journal Management Psychology, 19(2), 170-187 Gaan, N. (2011). A Revisit on impact of job attitudes on employee turnover: An empirical study in Indian it industry. Journal of Management, 8(2), 33-42. Ng, T. H. Butts, M. (2009). Effectiveness of organizational efforts to lower turnover intentions: The moderati ng role of employee locus of control. Human Resource Management, 48(2), 289-310. Ongori, H. (2007). A review of the literature on employee turnover. African Journal of Business Management, 1(3), 49-54. Rehman, C. et al. (2011). Impact of Attitudes, Organization characteristics and external market on employee turnover intentions in private sector universities of Lahore. European Journal of Social Science, 21(1), 87-93. Smith, A., Oczkowski, E. Smith, C. (2011). To have and to hold: Modeling the drivers of employee turnover and skill retention in Australian organizations. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 22(2), 395-416. This proposal on How Training and Development can benefit an Organization was written and submitted by user Jane Roth to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Crytical Anaylasis Essays - College Sports In The United States

Crytical Anaylasis Essays - College Sports In The United States Crytical Anaylasis Games Colleges Play Parents that have children who are involved in intercollegiate athletics should be concerned about their childs education. College athletics have taken a toll on their athletes and it is being seen in the classroom first. In 1991 the Knights Commission Report called for a new model whereby intercollegiate athletics would keep faith with the student athlete ideal. (Thelin 1980) Today colleges are recruiting and spending more money on athletes then they are scholars. This might not seem like a big deal because most of the public loves to watch intercollegiate sports, but do we really want athletes to be working in our community or do we want scholars? John Thelin realized that intercollegiate athletics were out of control. Players no longer considered themselves student-athletes, and were even asking for a share of the coaches earnings from endorsements. He then decided to take a poll of what Americans thought about this 48 percent thought that they were out of control, this was a 30 percent drop from the previous 78 percent. The Knights commission believed that reform was taking place, but this was not the case the fact is that they are becoming far removed from any educational activities. While most parents believe that there is a definite need for education most dont realize that their children arent really getting one. When Robert Hutchenson was explaining his concepts of college, he discussed what college wasnt like in reality: College is not a great athletic association and social club, in which provision is made merely for intellectual activity on the part of the physically and socially unfit. College is an association of scholars in which provision is made for the development of traits and powers, which must be cultivated, if one wants to become a well-balanced member of the community. Surveys were sent to the parents of athletes asking if they thought that the sport was taking away from their childs schoolwork. The majority of the parents responded by saying that they were concerned with their childs grades, and they believed there was definitely some room for improvement. This book was very well written and was easy to understand due to the organization of the chapters that were divided into categories. Thelins goal was to help athletes and teachers realize what is happening. He made a very convincing argument and definitely convinced me that intercollegiate athletics are taking away from education. Thelin also made me realize that there are other problems with college athletics besides education. He sums one of his articles up by saying: The court is not saying that athletes are incapable of scholarship:however they are given little incentive to be scholars and few people care how the student athlete performs academically, including the athletes themselves. If this situation causes harm to the university, its because they have fostered it and they should be the ones to suffer. The statements that Thelin offers support my thesis that intercollegiate athletics promote scandal make the school a booster college, and they have an effect on the athletes education. The findings from this book also validate my feelings towards the fact that athletes should be winners in the classroom as well as on the field. Bibliography Thelin, John R. Games Colleges Play Scandal and Reform in Intercollegiate Athletics. (1980) 3-61.

Financial markets subject Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Financial markets subject - Research Paper Example Our analysis relates to the determinable impacts of the GFC on the middle-eastern financial markets with specific focus on the financial markets of Qatar and other Gulf Cooperation Council members. The widely known cause of the recession is the collapsing of the housing bubble in the US in 2006; the bubble was created as a result of lenient credit terms and easy initial availability of housing mortgages, based on the perception that property prices are always likely to appreciate. The initiation of easy credit was made by certain US based banks following the inflow of funds from the booming Asian markets. Collateralized Debt Obligations (CDOs), that were relatively recent financial instruments, promised residential properties as the security against default; this gave further incentive to the banks to lend out customized loans. The collapse, which resulted from rising interest rates leading to a multitude of defaults, caused a significant drop in the prices of securities that were co llateralized with the housing market. This, in turn, resulted in several financial institutions facing the risk of solvency as speculations regarding huge liquidity shortage rose, causing a great stir in the stock markets world-wide, ending up in record-setting lows (Rashwan, 2012). However several economists debate that financial markets in the middle-east, specifically the GCC countries, were somewhat shielded from the devastative impact that certain Western economies faced. Our analysis will highlight reasons on whether it would be fair to conclude this and if so, on what grounds can we claim economies relating to the gulf cooperation council as any different. Project Objectives: To present a brief reasoning behind the Global Financial Crises 2007-2009 To assess the difference between the impact of the Global Financial Crises on the western markets and in the GCC Countries To determine reasons why the financial markets in Qatar and other GCC countries responded to the crises diff erently To assess whether Islamic financing investments have a contribution to the lesser risk exposure of the gulf markets To draw conclusions on whether there are possibilities for western markets to open up avenues of introducing alternative financial instruments following the impact of the GFC Literature Review: We intend on looking up related literature in order to analyze the impact of the GFC on the middle-eastern financial markets, to devise a conclusive analysis on what factors were responsible for the relevant markets to react differently than most of the West, and to formulate deductive reasoning on whether an alternative form of financial instruments might prove to be a securer investment on the macroeconomic level. To obtain supporting information we will take assistance from a combination of primary as well as secondary sources of information, focusing primarily on related articles and scholarly journals. With the GFC being one of the major contributors for financial d ownturns in history, we hope to obtain appropriate market information that will be sufficient enough for us to reach conclusive grounds by the end of

The Usefulness of Motivation Theory for Managers Essay

The Usefulness of Motivation Theory for Managers - Essay Example According to the research findings, managers can use motivation theory to understand and address the training and development needs of an employee. For example, McGregor’s theory can guide managers to provide generic training or facilitate further studies for employees in order to make them feel valued and capable. This way, managers can retain talent or confidently delegate some duties to employees because they can handle them with ease. The knowledge of motivation theory enables managers to set specific achievable goals. Using Herzberg’s theory, for example, managers can establish good communication and allow employees to work with convenience in order to meet their department or unit’s goals. The lack of communication and convenience, which are examples of Herzberg’s hygiene factors, can cause employees to be de-motivated in working towards the set goals. Finally, managers with the knowledge of motivation theory acknowledge the importance of involving employees in the goal-setting process. For example, McClelland’s acquired needs theory will help managers to allow employees contribute to goal setting because this will help craft these goals in a way that appeals to the employees’ need for achievement. It is easy for employees to commit themselves to the goals that they consider achievable.  

Why do markets fail Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Why do markets fail - Essay Example According to Wilkinson (2005), â€Å" market failure is the situation where the mechanisms associated with the market unable to allocate resources effectively. In this definition the efficiency word refers to both productive as well as elective parameters. According to his view, the main reasons behind market failure can be classified into the following headings: Monopolies, External factors, Public goods, transaction costs and imperfect information (Wilkinson, 2005, pp.473-474). There are several economists who prefer to call the market failure as market fail to achieve efficiency.. Some specific situation that is contributing to market failure are regulations of the government, costs associated with the transaction, the power of the competitive market (other country), imperfect information etc. Regulations: Restrictions such as price ceilings avoid the price mechanism for competently allocating resources. Market power: Some industries may feature economies of scale, so it is absol utely possible for an incompetent market conclusion to be reached if one organization or a few large institutions are able to leave out others to the disadvantage of potential market participant. Transaction costs: If the cost of any certain product in any trade is high in the first place, a market cannot function properly and it might result in the market failure. Imperfect information: If any one party in the market has material information that the other does not, or both the parties lack substance information that would affect whether or not the deal occurs, or for what price it may take place. Externalities: A trade (or the goods being traded) may inflict considerable costs on individuals not participating in the trade. Alternately, individuals not participating in the trade would realize significant benefits from it but the parties directly involved in the trade would not. Irrational actors: One party is not of sound mind when making the trade, factors are weighted inappropria tely, long-term costs are ignored in favor of short-term benefits, etc.(Wilkinson, 2005, pp.474-478). According to Tatum (2013) market failure is a situation in which the demand for a particular product is not at par with the supply of the same product that manufacturers are now providing for sale.. There are several reasons behind the market failure, with some having to do with pricing and quality, while others are connected to the current general state of the economy. According to his viewpoint, the main reason behind this failure of the market is the externalities. These are simple factors that are outside the control of consumers or the companies producing the goods and services offered for sale. Examples of this include negative situations such as natural disasters that temporarily reduce production, or downturns in the economy that prompt consumers to greatly reduce their consumption of certain products. Positive events may also qualify as externalities, such as an economic re covery that increases consumer confidence and motivates increased purchases of non-essential and luxury products. In the former instance, companies may find that the demand for their products drops suddenly, leaving them with high inventories of finished goods that are not wanted at any price. The latter positive example may mean that, until producers can increase production to meet demand, they will not be able to adequately keep up with customer orders. Other causes of market failure have to do with an imbalance between the price of a product and its perceived level of quality. Price and quality may create a positive or a negative situation, because if consumers think that the price

What Is The Cause Of Water Pollution?

What Is The Cause Of Water Pollution? When toxic substances enter lakes, streams, rivers, oceans, and other water bodies, they get dissolved or lie suspended in water or get deposited on the bed. This results in the pollution of water whereby the quality of the water deteriorates, affecting aquatic ecosystems. Pollutants can also seep down and affect the groundwater deposits. Water pollution has many sources. The most polluting of them are the city sewage and industrial waste discharged into the rivers. The facilities to treat waste water are not adequate in any city in India. Presently, only about 10% of the waste water generated is treated; the rest is discharged as it is into our water bodies. Due to this, pollutants enter groundwater, rivers, and other water bodies. Such water, which ultimately ends up in our households, is often highly contaminated and carries disease-causing microbes. Agricultural run-off, or the water from the fields that drains into rivers, is another major water pollutant as it contains fertilizers and pesticides. Domestic sewage refers to waste water that is discarded from households. Also referred to as sanitary sewage, such water contains a wide variety of dissolved and suspended impurities. Biochemical oxygen demand, or BOD The amount of organic material that can rot in the sewage is measured by the biochemical oxygen demand. BOD is the amount of oxygen required by micro-organisms to decompose the organic substances in sewage. Therefore, the more organic material there is in the sewage, the higher the BOD. It is among the most important parameters for the design and operation of sewage treatment plants. BOD levels of industrial sewage may be many times that of domestic sewage. Dissolved oxygen is an important factor that determines the quality of water in lakes and rivers. The higher the concentration of dissolved oxygen, the better the water quality. When sewage enters a lake or stream, micro-organisms begin to decompose the organic materials. Oxygen is consumed as micro-organisms use it in their metabolism. This can quickly deplete the available oxygen in the water. When the dissolved oxygen levels drop too low, many aquatic species perish. In fact, if the oxygen level drops to zero, the water will be come septic. When organic compounds decompose without oxygen, it gives rise to the undesirable odours usually associated with septic or putrid conditions. It amounts to a very small fraction of the sewage by weight. But it is large by volume and contains impurities such as organic materials and plant nutrients that tend to rot. The main organic materials are food and vegetable waste, plant nutrient come from chemical soaps, washing powders, etc. Domestic sewage is also very likely to contain disease-causing microbes. Thus, disposal of domestic waste water is a significant technical problem. Sewage generated from the urban areas in India has multiplied manifold since 1947. Today, many people dump their garbage into streams, lakes, rivers, and seas, thus making water bodies the final resting place of cans, bottles, plastics, and other household products. The various substances that we use for keeping our houses clean add to water pollution as they contain harmful chemicals. In the past, people mostly used soaps made from animal and vegetable fat for all types of washing. But most of todays cleaning products are synthetic detergents and come from the petrochemical industry. Most detergents and washing powders contain phosphates, which are used to soften the water among other things. These and other chemicals contained in washing powders affect the health of all forms of life in the water. What is the Cause of Water Pollution? Water pollution refers to the changes in the physical, biological, and chemical conditions of any body of water which harmfully disrupts the balance of the ecosystem. Like any type of pollution, water pollution results when an overwhelming amount of waste coming from different sources of pollutants can no longer be accommodated by the natural ecosystem. Consequently, when the wastes are not destroyed as fast as they are produced, they make it unfavorable to humans and many other organisms. But thats not all. Learn more about what causes water pollution. There are actually many specific reasons behind what causes water pollution. However, it is important to familiarize yourself with the two main categories of water pollution. Some pollution comes directly from ones specific location. This type of pollution is called point source pollution such as sewage pipes that empty polluted water into the river and farmland. Meanwhile, non-point source pollution is pollution that comes from large areas like gasoline and other dirt from highways that go into the lakes and rivers.http://farm2.static.flickr.com/1068/1023347477_821ecbb29e.jpg What are the causes water pollution? Who are the culprits who should be responsible for the harm brought by their pollutants? How do these sources of pollution pollute different bodies of water? One major cause of water pollution that has caused serious environmental and health problems are the pollutants coming from chemical and industrial processes. When factories and manufacturers pour their chemicals and livestock wastes directly into streams and rivers, the water becomes poisonous and oxygen levels are depleted causing many aquatic organisms to die. These wastes include solvents and toxic substances. Most of the wastes are not biodegradable. Power plants, paper mills, refineries, automobile factories dispose waste into the rivers. The heated water from the power plants is called thermal pollution. This kills aquatic animals and plants by reducing the oxygen content of the water. Power plants use water to cool their machineries, thus changing the temperature of the water. Aside from thermal pollution, there are also organic and inorganic pollutants. The organic wastes include refuse from slaughter houses, fish and meat canning factories, and leather tanning companies, manufacturing plants, pesticides and crude oil companies. Since organic wastes are decomposed by microorganisms, much of the dissolved oxygen in water is used up and the waster begins to stink. Inorganic wastes include toxic and corrosive substances like acids, heavy metals, mercury, cadmium and lead which can impair the normal body processes. Battery manufacturers, mining, paper mills increase the concentration of mercury making the water dangerous and poisonous for most living things. Another cause of water pollution is from pesticides. Farm pesticides poison aquatic plants and animals. Animal manure, chemical fertilizers, phosphate detergent pollute water by supplying excess nutrients. This pollution is known as eutrophication. This greatly increases the growth of algae in water thereby decreasing the amount of oxygen level in water causing the death of many aquatic organisms. Water is also being polluted by garbage specifically plastics and other plastic-like substances. Some plastic like nylon can entangle fishes and other marine animals. Plastics that have broken down into tiny pieces can be eaten by sea creatures which may cause their death. Since plastic is non-biodegradable, it will continue to kill more fishes. One more cause of water pollution is sewage coming from households. Since no one wants to live in a polluted area, near a dumpsite or landfill, the wastewater and untreated sewage are carried away from the home polluting different bodies of water. Most developing countries practice this type of sewage disposal. Even modern countries carry poorly treated sewage to canals leading to major bodies of water. The danger is when the sewage pipes gets broken and waste contaminates the drinking water. When this happens, the breakage will open a wide array of water borne diseases that will surely pose peril to consumers. Last among the causes of water pollution are personal care and household products. Shampoo, lotion, moisturizer, hair dye, bleach, laundry detergent, fabric softener, and many others contribute to water pollution. Human waste is not the only thing that goes to sewage. These products also join the wastewater to contaminate the streams, rivers, and lakes. Although the world abounds with water, only three percent of it is potable. Included in the 3% source of potable water are the streams, spring, rivers, lakes, and waterfalls that are continuously being threatened and contaminated by the different factors that cause of water pollution. If the sources of water pollution are not controlled, this basic necessity will eventually become a rare commodity only a few can afford to have. Agricultural Run off Eutrophication When fresh water is artificially supplemented with nutrients, it results in an abnormal increase in the growth of water plants. This is known as eutrophication. The discharge of waste from industries, agriculture, and urban communities into water bodies generally stretches the biological capacities of aquatic systems. Chemical run-off from fields also adds nutrients to water. Excess nutrients cause the water body to become choked with organic substances and organisms. When organic matter exceeds the capacity of the micro-organisms in water that break down and recycle the organic matter, it encourages rapid growth, or blooms, of algae. When they die, the remains of the algae add to the organic wastes already in the water; eventually, the water becomes deficient in oxygen. Anaerobic organisms (those that do not require oxygen to live) then attack the organic wastes, releasing gases such as methane and hydrogen sulphide, which are harmful to the oxygen-requiring (aerobic) forms of life. The result is a foul-smelling, waste-filled body of water. This has already occurred in such places as Lake Erie and the Baltic Sea, and is a growing problem in freshwater lakes all over India. Eutrophication can produce problems such as bad tastes and odours as well as green scum algae. Also the growth of rooted plants increases, which decreases the amount of oxygen in the deepest waters of the lake. It also leads to the death of all forms of life in the water bodies. The use of land for agriculture and the practices followed in cultivation greatly affect the quality of groundwater. Intensive cultivation of crops causes chemicals from fertilizers (e.g. nitrate) and pesticides to seep into the groundwater, a process commonly known as leaching. Routine applications of fertilizers and pesticides for agriculture and indiscriminate disposal of industrial and domestic wastes are increasingly being recognized as significant sources of water pollution. The high nitrate content in groundwater is mainly from irrigation run-off from agricultural fields where chemical fertilizers have been used indiscriminately. Industrial effluents Waste water from manufacturing or chemical processes in industries contributes to water pollution. Industrial waste water usually contains specific and readily identifiable chemical compounds. During the last fifty years, the number of industries in India has grown rapidly. But water pollution is concentrated within a few subsectors, mainly in the form of toxic wastes and organic pollutants. Out of this a large portion can be traced to the processing of industrial chemicals and to the food products industry. In fact, a number of large- and medium-sized industries in the region covered by the Ganga Action Plan do not have adequate effluent treatment facilities. Most of these defaulting industries are sugar mills, distilleries, leather processing industries, and thermal power stations. Most major industries have treatment facilities for industrial effluents. But this is not the case with small-scale industries, which cannot afford enormous investments in pollution control equipment as their profit margin is very slender. Transport and chemical reactions of water pollutants Most water pollutants are eventually carried by the rivers into the oceans. In some areas of the world the influence can be traced hundred miles from the mouth by studies using hydrology transport models. Advanced computer models such as SWMM or the DSSAM Model have been used in many locations worldwide to examine the fate of pollutants in aquatic systems. Indicator filter feeding species such as copepods have also been used to study pollutant fates in the New York Bight, for example. The highest toxin loads are not directly at the mouth of the Hudson River, but 100 kilometers south, since several days are required for incorporation into planktonic tissue. The Hudson discharge flows south along the coast due to coriolis force. Further south then are areas of oxygen depletion, caused by chemicals using up oxygen and by algae blooms, caused by excess nutrients from algal cell death and decomposition. Fish and shellfish kills have been reported, because toxins climb the foodchain after small fish consume copepods, then large fish eat smaller fish, etc. Each successive step up the food chain causes a stepwise concentration of pollutants such as heavy metals (e.g. mercury) and persistent organic pollutants such as DDT. This is known as biomagnification which is occasionally used interchangeably with bioaccumulation.http://feww.files.wordpress.com/2007/10/water-pollution.JPG The big gyres in the oceans trap floating plastic debris. The North Pacific Gyre for example has collected the so-called Great Pacific Garbage Patch that is now estimated at 100 times the size of Texas. Many of these long-lasting pieces wind up in the stomachs of marine birds and animals. This results in obstruction of digestive pathways which leads to reduced appetite or even starvation. Many chemicals undergo reactive decay or chemically change especially over long periods of time in groundwater reservoirs. A noteworthy class of such chemicals are the chlorinated hydrocarbons such as trichloroethylene (used in industrial metal degreasing and electronics manufacturing) and tetrachloroethylene used in the dry cleaning industry (note latest advances in liquid carbon dioxide in dry cleaning that avoids all use of chemicals). Both of these chemicals, which are carcinogens themselves, undergo partial decomposition reactions, leading to new hazardous chemicals (including dichloroethylene and vinyl chloride). http://www.sos-arsenic.net/images/uttra-lake.jpg Groundwater pollution is much more difficult to abate than surface pollution because groundwater can move great distances through unseen aquifers. Non-porous aquifers such as clays partially purify water of bacteria by simple filtration (adsorption and absorption), dilution, and, in some cases, chemical reactions and biological activity: however, in some cases, the pollutants merely transform to soil contaminants. Groundwater that moves through cracks and caverns is not filtered and can be transported as easily as surface water. In fact, this can be aggravated by the human tendency to use natural sinkholes as dumps in areas of Karst topography. There are a variety of secondary effects stemming not from the original pollutant, but a derivative condition. Some of these secondary impacts are: Silt bearing surface runoff from can inhibit the penetration of sunlight through the water column, hampering photosynthesis in aquatic plants. Thermal pollution can induce fish kills and invasion by new thermophilic species. This can cause further problems to existing wildlife. EFFECTS OF WATER POLLUTION The effects of water pollution are seen in Thermal, Heavy Metal, Agricultural regions and due to fertilizers, chemicals, oil and contaminated ground water. Effects of Water Pollution Effects of Run-off Pollution Rain picks up dirt and silt and carries it into the water. If the dirt and silt settle in the water body, then these sediments prevent sunlight from reaching aquatic plants. If the Sun cant reach the plants, these perish. These sediments also clog fish gills and smother organisms that live on the bottom of the body of the water. Effects of Oil Pollution and Antifreeze If oil is spilled on the water, the effects on the ecosystem and the components are harmful. Many animals can be annihilated in case they ingest oil. Oil contaminated prey may be a reason of death for many. If the oil coats the feathers of birds, these may die. Oil and antifreeze makes the water have a foul odor and there is a sticky film on the surface of water that kills animals. Oil is the most harmful pollutant in the water. Contaminated Ground Water Effects If contaminated water enters the ground, there may be serious effects. People may become very sick and there is a probability of developing liver or kidney problems and cancer or other illnesses. Fertilizers and other chemicals Nitrates in drinking water leads to diseases of infants that may lead to their death. Cadmium is a metal in sludge-derived fertilizer. This can be absorbed by crops. When people ingest this, they may cause diarrheal disorders, liver and kidney damage. The inorganic substances like mercury, arsenic and lead are the causes of pollution. Other chemicals can also lead to problems concerning the taste, smell and color of water. Pesticides, PCBs and PCPs are all poisonous to all sorts of life. Pesticides are used in farming, homes and forestry. PCBs are found as insulators in old electrical transformers. PCPs are found in products like wood preservatives. Effects of Agricultural Water Pollution Rain and irrigation water drains off cultivated land that has been fertilized and treated with pesticides, the excess nitrogen and poisons are mixed with it into the water supply. These pesticides are toxic and pollute the water in a different mode. Aquatic plants growth cause de-oxygenation of water and annihilate flora and fauna in a stream, lake and river. Fertilizers enhance the growth of bacteria that are in water and increase the concentration of bacteria to hazardous levels. Effects of Thermal Water Pollution Machinery in the industries are cooled with water from lakes and rivers. This water reaches the river in a heated state. This water decreases the ability of the aquatic system to hold oxygen and raises the growth of warm water species. Effects of Heavy Metal Water Pollution Heavy metals like lead, mercury, iron, cadmium, aluminum and magnesium are present in water sources. If these metals are present in the sediment, these reach the food chain through plants and aquatic animals. This causes heavy metal poisoning in case the level in the water is very high. Some other effects of water pollution In rivers, oceans and seas, water pollution effects flora and fauna in them. Further, the birds and animals that consume this contaminated food supply can perish. Blood diseases, nervous system disorders and heart diseases are some of the effects of water pollution. Many toxins in polluted water lead to cancer. Rarely, the bodys chromosomal makeup can be altered. Some of the less potent effects are skin lesions, vomiting and diarrhea. The effects of water pollution are not only devastating to people but also to animals, fish, and birds. Polluted water is unsuitable for drinking, recreation, agriculture, and industry. It diminishes the aesthetic quality of lakes and rivers. More seriously, contaminated water destroys aquatic life and reduces its reproductive ability. Eventually, it is a hazard to human health. Nobody can escape the effects of water pollution. The individual and the community can help minimize water pollution. By simple housekeeping and management practices the amount of waste generated can be minimized.http://www.danharlow.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2007/09/esa-ganesh-img1.jpg GLOBAL WATER POLLUTION Estimates suggest that nearly 1.5 billion people lack safe drinking water and that at least 5 million deaths per year can be attributed to waterborne diseases. With over 70 percent of the planet covered by oceans, people have long acted as if these very bodies of water could serve as a limitless dumping ground for wastes. Raw sewage, garbage, and oil spills have begun to overwhelm the diluting capabilities of the oceans, and most coastal waters are now polluted. Beaches around the world are closed regularly, often because of high amounts of bacteria from sewage disposal, and marine wildlife is beginning to suffer. CONCLUSION Clearly, the problems associated with water pollution have the capabilities to disrupt life on our planet to a great extent. Congress has passed laws to try to combat water pollution thus acknowledging the fact that water pollution is, indeed, a seriousissue. But the government alone cannot solve the entire problem. It is ultimately up to us, to be informed, responsible and involved when it comes to the problems we face with our water. We must become familiar with our local water resources and learn about ways for disposing harmful household wastes so they don ¿Ã‚ ½t end up in sewage treatment plants that cannott handle them or landfills not designed to receive hazardous materials. In our yards, we must determine whether additional nutrients are needed before fertilizers are applied, and look for alternatives where fertilizers might run off into surface waters. We have to preserve existing trees and plant new trees and shrubs to help prevent soil erosion and promote infiltration of water into the soil. Around our houses, we must keep litter, pet waste, leaves, and grass clippings out of gutters and storm drains. These are just a few of the many ways in which we, as humans, have the ability to combat water pollution. As we head into the 21st century, awareness and education will most assuredly continue to be the two most important ways to prevent water pollution. If these measures are not taken and water pollution continues, life on earth will suffer severely. Global environmental collapse is not inevitable. But the developed world must work with the developing world to ensure that new industrialized economies do not add to the worlds environmental problems. Politicians must think of sustainable development rather than economic expansion. Conservation strategies have to become more widely accepted, and people must learn that energy use can be dramatically diminished without sacrificing comfort. In short, with the technology that currently exists, the years of global environmental mistreatment can begin to be reversed. See full size imagehttp://coris.noaa.gov/glossary/runoff_186.jpg http://davetheroyale.files.wordpress.com/2008/03/global-warming-copy2.jpg

Copyright and the Internet Essay -- Copyright, Internet,

Copyright came about in the fifteenth century in Britain, sometime after the invention of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg. â€Å"The printing press represented a supreme threat to the clergy’s monopoly on idea dissemination; moveable type was the fifteenth century version of Napster† (Copyright Website). Copyright laws were instated to protect authors of various intellectual properties, (literary, dramatic, musical, artistic, architectural) and give credit to the proper author. Over the years copyright laws have changed dramatically, because of the development of the internet. Before the internet in order to be caught plagiarizing someone would have to read through all sorts of literary works, to know exactly where the information came from. These days a person can just type what they are looking for into search engine sites like â€Å"Google† and fine exactly what they were looking for. With information accessed with such ease it makes it almost effortl ess to plagiarize (the act of stealing others ideas, and passing them off as your own), other peoples work without the author having any idea. "The Internet has been characterized as the largest threat to copyright since its inception. The Internet is awash in information, a lot of it with varying degrees of copyright protection. Copyrighted works on the Net include news stories, software, novels, screenplays, graphics, pictures, Usenet messages and even email. In fact, the frightening reality is that almost everything on the Net is protected by copyright law. That can pose problems for the hapless surfer† (Copyright Website). The electronic environment does not change the ways we consider ownership, it does however change the ways in which we use and distribute intellectual propert... ...ze. However the internet is also good in the sense that it can be used for advertisement and giving previews to different types of intellectual property. Internet copyright laws will always be different than regular copyright laws, because they must always be changing in order to keep up with the always changing technology. If you are placing any type of intellectual property on the internet you should register your work so that it is under more strict usage laws and so that you have say in how your work is used. No one wants to put hours of hard work into a creative work only to have someone else take these ideas and pass them off as their own work, this is the main and most important reason for copyright. Without copyright laws you might say the world would be quite a bit more chaotic. Work Cited Copyright Website http://www.copyright.gov/help/faq/

The Theme of Leadership in the ‘Lord of the Flies’

Throughout the novel, ‘Lord of the Flies’, William Golding is able to link the many aspects of our own world through the various characters he creates. One of these aspects is leadership, which plays a vital role in the novel’s microcosmic society, as it does in our own society. Golding uses leadership to convey his ideologies about human nature. Golding believes that all humans are fundamentally flawed, that all humans are evil and are capable of inflicting evil upon others. Only the law and order of our society hold back the flaws that all humans inherently possess.Golding uses the mixed feelings that he has about leadership to reveal his philosophy about human nature and other flawed aspects of our society. The Second World War, which Golding was a part of, brought about his pessimism of human nature. He was horrified at what himself and others did during the war. He gradually learned to see all human nature as savage and unforgiving, the darkness of mans heart ; it is in all of us. The qualities of a good leader are universally accepted. The leader has to have control over his followers. He has to demand respect.The leader also has to be able to persuade his followers to follow him without taking away from his beliefs and views. A good leader also has to be able to be strong, mentally more than physically. He needs to be able to stand his ground and strongly believe in what he feels is right. A good leader also has to believe in himself. If a leader does not believe in himself, then who will? A leader has to be assertive and does not need to back down from anything. The two main characters in this novel express some of these characteristics, one character more than the other.There are always people, when in a group, who show and possess superior leadership attributes than others. The strongest, mentally and physically, tend to have the greatest influence over others. Sometimes the strongest person is not necessarily the best choice. Autho rs, including Golding, often show how humans select the strongest person, to give us an understanding of the influence people can possess over others. Golding has two stand out characters in the beginning of the novel who each show their own, but very different leadership skills.However Golding believes that there is no such thing as a perfect leader, and that every type of leadership is flawed in some way. Golding intends to use these two characters to highlight the two types of leadership that he tries to present in the novel. The first character introduced to us is Ralph, who in my opinion is presented as the better leader. His capacity for leadership is evident from the beginning, â€Å"Shut up,† said Ralph absently. He lifted the conch. â€Å"Seems to me we ought to have a chief to decide things. He then proceeds to be voted as the group leader, over Jack, mainly due to the fact that he was the one that initially blew the conch, â€Å"They obeyed the summons of the con ch, partly because Ralph blew it, and he was big enough to be a link with the adult world of authority†¦. †It is obvious from the offset that Golding has made Ralph the symbol of democracy in the novel. Golding shows his feeling about democracy as describing democratic voting as a ‘toy’. The other little’uns follow Ralph as he is the only link they have left to the civilised world.At the beginning and throughout the novel, Ralph is the primary representative of order, society and leadership among the group. Ralph starts off well at attempting to make a new society; he firmly believes that the most important thing in this situation is being rescued. He creates a fire beacon, for cooking, heat and rescue. The signal fire can be viewed as a sign of hope – the hope the boys have to return to society. When the flames dance brightly, it shows the enthusiasm they hold for the idea of being rescued. However, as the fire grows dim, it reflects the attitu de of the boys and their loss of morale.The signal fire can also be viewed as the boys' link to the civilized world. As long as the fire continues burning, it suggests not only that the boys want to return to society, but also that they are still using their common sense. He understands the essentials that a society must have to keep afloat and he knows what must be done in order for the survival of the boys. He works vigilantly to keep the group's focus on the hope of rescue. It is at the second assembly that we see Ralph firmly asserting his authority, â€Å"except by me†. It is also the first time that Jack struggles with Ralph’s authority.As the tension between Ralph and Jack continues to increases, we see more obvious signs of a potential struggle for power. Although Jack has been deeply envious of Ralph’s power from the moment Ralph was elected, the two do not come into open conflict until the fourth chapter, when Jack’s irresponsibility leads to th e failure of the signal fire. When the fire—a symbol of the boys’ connection to civilization—goes out, the boys’ first chance of being rescued is thwarted. Ralph flies into a rage, indicating that he is still governed by desire to achieve the good of the whole group.But Jack, having just killed a pig, is too excited by his success to care very much about the missed chance to escape the island. Indeed, Jack’s bloodlust and thirst for power have overwhelmed his interest in civilization. Whereas he previously justified his commitment to hunting by claiming that it was for the good of the group, now he no longer feels the need to justify his behaviour at all. Instead, he indicates his new orientation toward savagery by painting his face like a barbarian, leading wild chants among the hunters, and apologizing for his failure to maintain the signal fire only when Ralph seems ready to fight him over it.However, Ralph still has his shortcomings as a leader and isn’t always perfect as Golding is trying to show. One of his first mistakes was giving more control to Jack by making him leader of his hunters. This allows Jack and the choir boys to make their own rules and encourage the choir boys to stray away from Ralph’s lead. When the beast is first introduced, Ralph doesn’t do a very good job of convincing the younger boys that there isn’t a beast on the island. He just say’s â€Å"but there isn’t a beast. † Whereas Jack assures the younger boys that if there is a beast, he’d find it and kill it.The weight of leadership becomes oppressive for Ralph as the story continues; he is dutiful and dedicated, but his attempts to instil order and calm among the boys are decreasingly successful. Golding develops Ralph's particular concerns and insecurities. By showing him worrying over his perceived failures, Golding highlights Ralph’s responsible, adult nature. Ralph's concern about his appearance, and particularly his grown-out hair, indicate his natural inclination toward the normality of civilization.Although Ralph demonstrates a more than sufficient intelligence, he also worries that he lacks Piggy's genius, â€Å"if only I could step inside that fat head of his†. Ralph eventually understands the importance of thought and how it can help him as a leader, â€Å"thought was a valuable thing, that got results†¦ †. The second type of leadership that Golding conveys through a character is the Dictator, Jack. Ralph treats all the boys with dignity and tries to work with them for the betterment of the society. On the opposite side of the scale, Jack does not treat any of the boys with the dignity that Ralph does.In chapter three Golding writes, in comparing Jack’s and Ralph, â€Å"They walked along, two continents of experience and feeling, unable to communicate. † This shows how Golding is trying to tell us how Ralph and Jack†™s motives are completely different; one is focused on hunting and the other on the society. Jack immediately shows qualities of a good leader, but are different qualities than Ralph shows. Jack has a very commanding presence from the beginning; he arrives on the island having some success in exerting control over others by dominating the choir with his militaristic attitude.At the first assembly he believes that he should be chief, â€Å"I ought to be chief†, but is humiliated when he loses the vote to Ralph. Jack is chauvinistic, stating that, â€Å"I agree with Ralph. We've got to have rules and obey them. After all, we're not savages. We're English, and the English are best at everything. So we've got to do the right things. † Golding believes that Nationalism and chauvinism are the causes of wars on our society and is putting this across in the microcosm. This is a hint that there would be eventually conflict on the island.Golding also uses the theory of Darwini sm to relate to Jack, as Jack puts down the weaker in society, Piggy and Simon, like most dictators do. Jack represents evil and violence, the dark side of human nature. He is the character that regresses the most throughout the novel. It starts with him hunting in the Jungle, when Golding uses animal imagery to show his regression, ‘ape-like’ and ‘half naked†¦walking on all fours’. Jack attempts to dominate the group, rather than working with Ralph to benefit it.The conch does not mean anything to Jack, for him, the conch represents the rules and boundaries that have kept him from dominating others. Their entire lives in the other world, the boys had been moderated by rules set by society. The dictator in Jack becomes dominant in his personality during the panic over the beast sighting on the mountain. In trying to put Ralph down, he uses his rhetorical skills to twist Ralph's words. In defence, he offers to the group an excuse that â€Å"He'd never have got us meat,† asserting that hunting skills make for an effective leader.Jack assigns a high value only to those who he finds useful or agreeable to his views and looks to silence those who do not please him. Denouncing the rules of order, Jack declares, â€Å"We don't need the conch any more. We know who ought to say things. † As Jack strives to establish his leadership, he takes on the title of â€Å"chief† and reinforces the illusion of station and power by using the other boys ceremoniously as standard bearers who raise their spears together and announce â€Å"The Chief has spoken. Jack works closely with Roger, as Ralph does with Piggy and Simon, to help him form his new dictatorship at Castle Rock. Though Roger does not possess any sort of leadership skills, he does have a forced authority over others. This role is no game for him, though; by the night of Simon's death, Jack has clearly gone power-mad, sitting at the pig roast on a large log â€Å"pa inted and garlanded . . . like an idol† while â€Å"power . . . chattered in his ear like an ape. † His tribe addresses him as â€Å"Chief,† indicating a form of more primitive tribal leadership.Jack’s leadership in the macrocosm would not work, it would just lead to war. Whereas on the island Jack promises food and fun, so everybody follows him. Jack’s savage, primitive society murders the two outcasts, Piggy and Simon. The next on their list is Ralph, who is finding himself running away from a line of Jack’s group across the island. In the midst of the chaos, the forest is set on fire. As Ralph is running away, he unselfishly thinks, ‘The fools! The fire must be almost at the fruit trees- what would they eat tomorrow.Even though Jack’s tribe is hunting him down, all he cares about are the others. At the end of the novel, a naval officer comes onto the island. When he asks who is in charge, Jack steps forward and then steps back . He finally realizes that what he was doing was wrong and cowers away from the naval officer, thinking that Ralph would take all of the blame. Ralph loudly proclaims the he is the leader. They had all finally come to realize what they had done. They soon discovered that if they had followed Ralph, none of this would have happened. hen the naval officer appears on the island, all the boys who were moments ago behaving savagely, come to a halt and suddenly return to their senses. This suggests that the appearance of the naval officer symbolizes the return of both adult supervision and civilization. Ralph was the best leader in the novel, he puts the society over himself at all times. Jack has the better leadership skills, but chooses to use them for the wrong reasons. The fact that he came to be the leader was because of humanity's sinful tendency towards savagery.

Sony And Marketing Essays - Marketing, Sony, Societal Marketing

Sony And Marketing Essays - Marketing, Sony, Societal Marketing Sony and Marketing WHAT MARKETING IS: The primary concern or objective of marketing is to identify and satisfy, or exceed the changing needs of customers. In view of this broad concern of marketing, it can be seen that the concept of marketing encapsulates many activities in a business. Marketing, in fact, refers to any activity undertaken by a firm that has been designed to plan, price, promote and distribute ideas, goods and services to target markets. These marketing activities were executed in order to create exchange, that is sales, that will result in the achievement of the proprietors' individual goals and the firm's goals, both in the short-term and the long-term. It is then obvious that marketing forms an integral component of any business's operations. In particular marketing activities attempt to increase a firms' revenue base, by placing an emphasis on enticing potential customers in target markets to purchase the firms' products in order to satisfy their wants, rather than those of firm's competitors. Consequently, the marketing directly contributes to the attainment of the financial goals of the firm. Hence, the success of a firm is reliant upon the extent to which it is able to identify, and satisfy or exceed the customer's needs more effectively and efficiently relative to its competitors vying for the same markets. Marketing as an activity that entails several features, all of which are presented during the course of the marketing process. Such features include, firstly and most importantly, that marketing is a comprehensive process that begins with the creation of an idea and ends up as product that will be sold to satisfy a customer's needs. Secondly, marketing is seen as a managerial process as it involves making managerial decisions about the particular mix of product, price, place and promotion in a firm. Furthermore, marketing involves managers planning and ensuring that particular sequenced activities are carried out, in order for the marketing plan to be successful. Finally, marketing is perceived as a way in which firms are able to satisfy the needs of customers, and in turn achieve their own business goals. APPROACHES TO MARKETING: Marketing provides the business with the ability to satisfy the changing wants of customers. In light of this, and the fact that businesses have become increasingly aware of the role that marketing plays in achieving success in the business, several approaches or philosophies to marketing have developed. There are five central approaches to marketing, with the use of a specific marketing approach/s depends upon particular business's marketing strategy and the type of product being marketed. These different approaches are: Marketing Concept: this approach believes that customer's want-satisfaction is the economic and social reason for an organisation's existence. This approach stipulates that all of the business's activities should be targeted towards meeting consumer wants, while at the same time meeting the organisation's goals. In effect, this approach requires that the firm finds out what the customer wants, and subsequently develops a product to meet these requirements and then sell it at a profit. Production Concept: this approach states that the business will sell its product if it is both well made and affordable. Businesses utilising this approach require management to focus on improving production techniques and cost structures of the business. Consequently, this approach does not place emphasis on customer want-satisfaction. Product Concept: this approach has the attitude that 'product is king' and focuses on the quality, features, and performance of the product. This approach believes that if the product has more features or is of a better quality and performance compared to competitors, it will then gain greater sales. This approach is not customer want-satisfaction oriented. Selling Concept: this approach focuses on developing sales techniques and promotional activities in order to entice customers into buying an organisation's product, whether they want it or not. Therefore this approach places direct emphasis on customers, but, possibly not on their want-satisfaction. Societal Marketing Concept: this is the latest marketing approach, it combines the main ideas of the marketing approach, that is, determining customer needs and satisfying the business's goals, but also integrates social responsibility into the business. This social responsibility includes increasing environmental awareness, which may include tackling the problems of pollution and the exploitation of non-renewable resources. Modern day businesses are

Definitions and Examples of Copular Verbs

Definitions and Examples of Copular Verbs In English grammar, a copula is a  verb that joins the subject of a sentence  or clause to a subject complement. For example, the word  is  functions as a copula in the sentences Jane  is my friend and Jane is friendly. Adjective: copular. Pronunciation: KOP-u-la. Also known as a copular verb or a linking verb. Contrast with a  lexical verb and a  dynamic verb. The primary verb be is sometimes referred to as the copula. However, while forms of  being  (am, are, is, was, were) are the most commonly used copulas in English, certain other verbs (identified below) have copular functions as well.   Unlike auxiliary verbs (also called helping verbs), which are used in front of other verbs, copular verbs function by themselves in the manner of main verbs. See Examples and Observations below. Also, see: Ascriptive SentenceDouble CopulaLinking VerbStative VerbVerb of BeingZero Copula Etymology From the Latin, link Examples and Observations These two very old people are the father and mother of Mr. Bucket. Their names are Grandpa Joe and Grandma Josephine.(Roald Dahl, Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, 1964)The weather is horrible.That car looks fast.The stew smells good.I do feel a fool.She became a racehorse trainer.Its getting late.He spoke intelligently. (Intelligently is an adverb. It tells you about how the person spoke.)He looks intelligent. (Intelligent is an adjective in a predicative position. It tells you about the person himselfrather like saying He is intelligent. The look is a copular verb.)Common CopulasWe use a special kind of verb to join an adjective or noun complement to a subject. These verbs can be called copulas or copular verbs. Common copular verbs are: be, seem, appear, look, sound, smell, taste, feel, become, get.After copular verbs, we use adjectives, not adverbs. Compare: Note that some of these verbs are also used with other meanings as ordinary non-copular verbs.(Michael Swan, Practical Eng lish Usage. Oxford University Press, 1995)A copular (or linking) verb is complemented by a subject predicative in a sentence or clause structure. The most common copular verb is; others include become (my friend), feel (tired), get (ready), seem (happy). A copular prepositional verb is a prepositional verb (combination of a verb plus preposition) that is complemented by a subject predicative: sound like (you), turn into (a monster), serve as (mitigating circumstances).(Sidney Greenbaum, Oxford English Grammar. Oxford University Press, 1996) Describing some kind of state that the thing or person referred to by the subject is in; verbs of this sort include be, remain, seem and appear.Describing the result of some change affecting the thing or person referred to by the subject; verbs of this sort include become, turn, grow and get.Two Main Groups of CopulasCopular verbs fall into two broad groups: Copular verbs can occur in both main and subordinate clauses.James R. Hurford, Grammar: A Students Guide. Cambridge University Press, 1994

Chus experience in The Mural as an allegory Essay - 1

Chus experience in The Mural as an allegory - Essay Example This is very apparent in the Most Arrogant Man in France, whereby Petra Chu examines the various eras in the works of Gustave Courbet based in the way she uses the rhetorical language. During the 19th century, journalists, artists and writers from France endured suppression by the government. In salon Rhetoric, how The painter’s Studio gives an example of the art in time, conjuring up the trope, irony and allegory as a mechanism of freedom, sovereignty and censure (Chu 1-238). As Michael fried asserted that the progress within the French art was evidenced in the paintings, Chu on the other hand, looks at evolution in terms of social-political circumstances that are within the artwork. This is, to an extent in line with Nochlin and Rubin, however, in her research, Chu illustrates that the way Courbet uses the real allegory is as though it’s a device for emancipation. There have been different and numerous interpretations concerning courberts images but Chus perceive them differently. She says that most of Courbet’s artistic work merely purposed to produce a commodity in order to make a living out of it, but she viewed in a very different perspective. She continues to say, Courbet may have been pressured by life to produce various commodities in order to make a sell out of it without considering the image that the commodities displayed to the public. Chu cites one of the letters sent by Courbet to Thà ©ophile Gautier "if I am making art, or rather, if I am attempting to make it, it is first of all to make a living from it."(Chu 13). As we see, Courbet produced commodities after experiencing financial hardships without necessary being concerned the type of message that his commodities portrayed to the world. Chu perceives the pictures in a deeper angle than we can think off. For example, Chu illustrates Courbet may be deeply appealed by some subjects, for instance the fleshy nudes and the deep caverns. In such paintings and images, Chu sees the role of

A Task on Geotechnics Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

A Task on Geotechnics - Coursework Example Since in our case and , point L has such Figure 1. coordinates . At the same time, x coordinate of point M equals , while its z coordinate equals . Since in our case , , , and , point M has such coordinates . Points L and M are shown on Figure 1. We look for equation of the dam slope adjacent to the water reservoir in the form where and are constants. Since points L and M lie on this line, and can be found from the solution of the following system of equations (1) Solving the first equation of this system for we obtain the following . (2) Substituting the right hand side of equation (2) for in the second equation of system (1) we obtain the following . Therefore, . From equation (2) it follows that . Hence, the equation of the slope adjacent to the water reservoir has the following form:. The water level is equal to . Since and , the z coordinate of point A equals 43. Moreover, point A lies on line LM. Therefore, its x coordinate satisfies the following equation . Solving it for x we obtain that point A has such coordinates . In its turn, the difference between x coordinates of points L and A is the following:. Point F on the water surface at distance from point A has the following coordinates –. The difference between x coordinates of points F and O is the following: . ... Table 1. 0.2*H 0.4*H 0.6*H 0.8*H H x= -0,539 11,579 31,774 60,048 96,400 z= 8,600 17,200 25,800 34,400 43,000 Problem # 2 In the second problem we are supposed to correct the shape of the phreatic line in the vicinity of point A. Therefore, we draw a curve that intersects line LM at right angle and â€Å"meets the base parabola smoothly and tangentially at a convenient point say,† N (Vijayendra, 2010, p. 15). The final shape of the free surface is shown on Figure 2. Figure 2 Problem # 3 Curve KNA shown on Figure 3 is a free water surface. Hence, the pore water pressure along this line is constant and equal to the atmospheric pressure (Vijayendra, 2010, p. 11). We assume that the pore water is incompressible. The hydraulic head is given by such the expression where here and below is the water density, is the acceleration of free fall, is pressure of the pore water (Wikipedia, n. d.). Therefore, the head loss between any two points belonging to this curve is proportional to the difference in their vertical coordinates. Since curve KNA is a phreatic line, it is a flow line (Vijayendra, 2010, p. 11). Segment LO shown on Figure 3 is the interface between the soil and the impermeable boundary. Therefore, it is a flow line (Vijayendra, 2010, p. 4). We draw the equipotential lines that start at points , , , and N making smooth transitions between their â€Å"straight and curved sections† (Vijayendra, 2010, p. 5). These lines are perpendicular to flow lines LO and KNA, as it is shown on Figure 3. Segment LA shown on Figure 3 is the â€Å"soil and permeable boundary† interface. Therefore, it is an equipotential line (Vijayendra, 2010, p. 4). The toe drain is a pipe